To assesse the iron AND silicon effects on the YIELD AND physiological characteristics of green pea, WANDo cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 AND 0.3 gr per l-1) AND silicon (0, 14 AND 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely rANDomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh AND dry weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn AND Si in leaf AND grain were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe AND Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain fresh AND dry wigeht, concentratin of leaf AND grain Fe, leaf Mn, leaf AND grain Zn AND leaf Si AND the application of Fe AND Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of leaf AND grain Cu, Mn AND Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe AND Si significantly increased fresh AND dry grain weight AND Si laef concetration AND decreased the concentratin of leaf AND grain Fe AND Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe AND Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu AND zinc leaf AND grains, but the Si concentration of leaf AND grain were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu AND Zn were decreased in leaf AND grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity AND the application of 0.1 g/l AND 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in rANDomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st AND April 6th) AND the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 AND Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest YIELD (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain YIELD AND YIELD components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain YIELD (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain YIELD per hectare had the highest correlation with plant YIELD (0.877) AND then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) AND number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

To investigate the effect of weed interference AND weed-free periods on Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth. in Wall) AND to evaluate the critical period of weed control (CPWC) in this oilSEED crop, an experiment was conducted as a rANDomized complete block design with three replications in Naghadeh region in 2018. Experimental consisted of two groups of treatments; weed infestation treatments (infestation for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 AND 1451.3 growing degree day (GDD) after transplanting AND then plots were remained weed-free the rest of the growing season) AND weed-free treatments (weeding for 144.2, 345.9, 574, 848.2, 1147.6 AND 1451.3 GDD after transplanting AND then plots were remained infested until harvesting time). In each block, one weed free AND weed infested control was for all the growing season. Results indicated that the density AND dry biomass of weeds were increased as weed removal was delayed. In contrast, density AND dry biomass of weeds were decreased as weeds establishment was delayed. Height, tetrachenes FRUITs, ripened achenes, 1000-SEED weight AND biological, SEED AND relative YIELDs of Balangu were decreased AND increased as the duration of weed-infested AND weed-free period increased, respectively. Also, logistic AND Gompertz curves fitted to data showed that the beginning AND end of the CPWC based on a 10% YIELD loss of relative YIELD, was estimated to be from 11 to 108 days after transplanting (97 days weed-free period) in order to prevent a noticeable YIELD loss.

In order to increase water use efficiency for FRUIT AND SEED YIELD of three watermelon cultivars, a split plot design based on RCBD was conducted in Varamin research center during two years. Three irrigation period consisting of 6, 10 AND 14 days as main factor AND three watermelon cultivars: Charlestongrey, Yellow SEED Mahboubi AND Black SEED Mahboubi were considered in sub-plots. The volume of irrigation water was measured with a 3 inches partial flume AND adjusted for the same amount in each main plot. the parameters in this study were: FRUIT YIELD, SEED YIELD, 1000 SEED weight, dissolved solids in FRUITs, average FRUIT weight, total dissolved solids (TSS) in FRUITs AND FRUIT skin thickness. the results showed that irrigation periods had a significant affect on FRUIT YIELD AND average FRUIT weight AND did not have any effect on other characters. The highest YIELD AND average FRUIT weight obtained in 6 days irrigation period which means that with the irrigation period of 14 days AND use of less water it would be possible to produce watermelon SEED without any decrease in SEED YIELD. The effect of cultivars was significant on all traits. The highest FRUIT AND SEED YIELD produced with yellow SEEDs mahboubi which was significantly superior to the two other cultivars. Cultivars AND irrigation periods didn’t show any interaction with each other.

To determine the best harvesting time for obtaining maximum quantity AND quality tomato SEED, a split plot in time arrangement in rANDomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in Khorasan Razavi Agricultural AND Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad, Iran in 2007 AND 2008 growing seasons. Main plots were six tomato cultivars including; Mobil, Peto Early CH, Gina VF, Early Urbana, Kal. J. AND Karoon. Sub-plots were harvesting time including; five harvestings from 27th July with a 15 days interval. FRUIT YIELD, SEED YIELD, SEED EXTRACTION (%), hectoliter weight, purity (%), germination (%) AND rate were measured AND recorded. Analysis of variance showed that cultivars were significantly different for all traits except SEED purity (%). Harvesting time AND interaction of harvesting time × cultivar also were significant for all traits. The fourth harvesting time had the highest FRUIT YIELD, SEED YIELD, SEED purity (%), germination (%), germination rate. These traits increased in fourth harvesting time by 40.4%, 51.8%, 13.2%, 2.8%, 2.9% AND 2.1% , respectively, as compared to maximum of these traits in the other harvesting times. The highest hectoliter weight obtained in third harvesting time with 5.7% greater than the other harvesting times. The best time for harvesting for SEED production was the fourth harvesting time with Karoon cutlivar.

To investigate the effects of water deficit stress AND bio AND non-bio fertilizers on Thymus Vulgaris, a split plot experiment was conducted based on rANDomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 in Asgarya agricultural field in Yazd. The treatments included water tension: W1=7 (Control), W2=12 AND W3=17 days irrigation intervals as the main factor AND bio AND non - bio fertilizers at five levels including B1= control (without fertilizer), B2= endo mycorrhiza (Glomus), B3= Azospirillum bacteria, B4= Pseudomonas bacteria AND B5= chemical fertilizer (NPK) a sub – factors. Results showed that the highest flowering branches YIELD, a, b, AND total chlorophylls AND nitrogen AND phosphorus elements were observed in 17 days of irrigation (W3). 12 days of irrigation treatment (W2) showed the highest potassium element rate. The highest a, b AND chlorophylls AND nitrogen were observed in Azospirillum treatment (B3). The highest total chlorophyll, phosphorus element, carotenoids AND flavonoids were observed in Pseudomonas treatment (B4); the highest potassium element rate were obtained in mycorrhiza treatment (B2); the highest flowering branches YIELD were observed in NPK treatment (B5) AND control (B1) treatment resulted in the highest anthocyanin

Background AND Objective: Food gums are a class of food additives playing various roles, such as thickening, gelling AND stabilizing of the food aqueous solutions. In this study, the best conditions for quince SEED gum EXTRACTION AND its rheological characteristics were determined.Materials AND Methods: The effects of temperature range (25-80ºC), pH (3-11) AND water-to-SEED ratio (50-120 w/w) on the YIELD of quince SEED gum EXTRACTION were optimized by statistical analysis using response surface methodology (RSM). Rheological properties of the quince SEED gum, such as strain sweep AND frequency sweep, were determined with a rheometer (Anton Paar, MCR300, AND CC27), while for determination of intrinsic viscosity AND Huggins constant capillary viscometer was used.Results: Based on the response surface methodology, temperature AND water-to-SEED ratio affected the quince SEED gum EXTRACTION YIELD significantly (p<0.05). The maximum EXTRACTION YIELD occurred at a temperature of 60.77 oC, a water-to-SEED ratio of 96.2 (w/w), AND a pH of 6.6. The Cross model fitted the data with a regression more than 0.98. The slopes of the lines for the dilute AND semi-dilute regions AND critical concentration occurred at a concentration of 0.6%, 2.0% AND 0.077%, respectively. The linear viscoelastic range of the gum solution (0.3%) deviated from linear route at strain 11.4%. Loss AND storage moduli of the gum solution (0.3%) were frequency dependent. The intrinsic viscosity AND Huggins constant were found to be 1530 AND 0.31, respectively.Conclusion: Quince SEED gum has a high EXTRACTION YIELD, strong gelling structure, AND hydrodynamic volume. It can, therefore, be used as a thickener in food products.

Recognition AND understANDing the genetic control of traits, combining ability AND genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a rANDomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% AND 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of SEEDs per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number AND length, 1000-SEEDs weight, capsule weight, length AND width, chlorophyll a, b AND total chlorophyll, biological ANDeconomic YIELDs, harvest index, oil AND protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes AND diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits AND dominant variance of all traits except height to the first FRUIT-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best AND Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 AND Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic YIELD AND number of branches, respectively AND narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches AND harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.

In order to identify the correlations AND relationships between different traits in the bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated as sub-factors under the split plot experiment in the completely rANDomized design in greenhouse AND the rANDomized complete block design in the field with three replications under the normal irrigation AND post-anthesis water stress conditions. The results of the canonical correlation analysis showed that at both normal AND moisture stress levels, there was a significant correlation between the pair of canonical variables obtained from the phenological traits AND the YIELD components. Under the normal conditions in the greenhouse, to increase the spike density AND length, the number of days to 50% flowering can be considered as a suitable selection criterion. According to the results of canonical correlation analysis, under the stressed conditions in greenhouse, to increase the spike length, the number of days to the heading, maturity AND 50% of flowering were among the important AND effective factors. Under the optimum irrigation conditions in the field, the number of days to maturity was considered as one of the factors influencing the SEED weight per spike. The results of canonical correlation analysis under the field stress conditions showed that to increase the 1000-SEED weight, the number of days to maturity can be considered an appropriate selection criterion.

Introduction: Urtica is a genus of flowering plants in the family Urticaceae. They have a long history of use as medicinal plants (Dickinson et al., 2003). The main varieties of the Urtica genus are Urtica dioica L., Urtica urens L., Urtica pilulifera L., Urtica cannabina L., Urtica membranacea Poiret, AND Urtica kiovensis Rogoff (Bodros AND Baley 2008). Roman nettle (Urtica pilulifera) is widely used in folk remedy to treat hypertension, hyperglycemia AND inflammation of some organs while the SEEDs of this plant can be considered as a potential source for mucilage EXTRACTION. Given that in recent years, many studies have focused on finding new hydrocolloids AND investigation of their physicochemical AND functional properties, the aim of the present study was to optimize the mucilage EXTRACTION conditions from Roman nettle SEEDs in order to achieve maximum EXTRACTION YIELD AND optimal physicochemical AND functional properties of this hydrocolloid. Materials AND methods: The U. pilulifera SEEDs were purchased from a local market in Chaharmahal AND Bakhtiari Province, Shahrekord, Iran. The SEEDs were identified at Medical Plants Research Center. Then the SEEDs were manually cleaned to remove all foreign matter AND stored in a plastic bag at refrigerator before to analysis. At first, proximate analysis of SEEDs including moisture content, crude oil, crude protein, crude fiber AND ash content were determined using the AOAC official methods. Total of carbohydrate was determined by difference. Then, using the response surface method (RSM), the optimal conditions for extracting Roman nettle mucilage were determined. D-Optimal design analysis of the effects of four independent variables, including water to SEED ratio (1: 5-1: 30), temperature (30-85 °, C), soaking time (30-240 min) AND pH (3-10) was studied on mucilage EXTRACTION YIELD, protein content, emulsion stability AND color indices of extracted mucilage. For emulsion stability determination at first, 0. 5% solution of mucilage was prepared at 70 °,C. The solution was then cooled AND kept at 4 °,C for 24 hours to completely hydration. Oil-in-water emulsion (20% by weight) was prepared AND then the emulsion was placed in a hot water bath at 80 °,C for 30 minutes, centrifuged at 1200 g for 10 minutes AND finally stability of emulsion was calculated. Color indices including lightness (L*), redness (a*) AND yellowness (b*) were measured by Hunterlab model Color flex (US). Results AND discussion: According to the obtained results, increase in temperature to a certain extent, water to SEED ratio AND pH had a significant effect (p<0. 05) on mucilage EXTRACTION YIELD. Increasing the water-to-SEED ratio allows more polysaccharide compounds to be hydrated due to the availability of sufficient water, which increases the thrust force to remove mucilage from the SEED. Mucilage EXTRACTION YIELD increased at higher pH which can be due to the release of protein materials AND easier release of mucilage. Ttemperature showed a quadratic effect on mucilage EXTRACTION YIELD, so that with increasing temperature to a certain extent, first the amount of mucilage EXTRACTION increased, which can be due to the decrease in the viscosity of mucilage attached to the SEED AND also higher mass transfer rates of soluble polysaccharides at higher temperature. However, a further increase in the EXTRACTION temperature showed the negative effect AND reduced the EXTRACTION YIELD. This may be due to breaking AND hydrolysis of the mucilage structure due to thermal stress in the aqueous medium. The most important AND significant factors (p <0. 05) on protein content were linear effect of pH, linear effect of time, effect of pH-time interaction, effect of water to SEED ratio-time interaction AND, quadratic effect of EXTRACTION temperature. At lower pH, the protein content of mucilage was significantly (p <0. 05) higher than alkaline pH. In general, EXTRACTION of mucilage at higher pH AND shorter time will lead to EXTRACTION of mucilage with minimal protein content may be due to the solubility of proteins in the alkaline pH range. Increasing the water-to-SEED ratio also reduced the amount of protein in mucilage, which is probably due to the possibility of more solubility of the protein in the aqueous medium. Among the studied variables, the linear effect of pH, temperature AND water-to-SEED ratio showed a significant effect on the stability of emulsion containing mucilage (p <0. 05). In addition, the interaction of pH AND water to SEED ratio as well as the interaction of EXTRACTION temperature AND time, the quadratic effect of pH AND the quadratic effect of water to grain ratio were also significant on the changes of this response. Since the presence of proteins with hydrocolloid can show a positive effect on the stability of the emulsion, therefore, the obvious decrease in the stability of emulsions prepared with mucilage extracted at higher pH is probably due to the lower protein content in these samples. What is clear is that when higher water-to-SEED ratio AND higher pH are used to extract mucilage, it will lead to the weakest emulsion stability. Increasing the water to grain ratio in the EXTRACTION stage can lead to the removal of more impurities from the grain AND their entry into the mucilage, AND thus have a negative effect on the stability of the emulsion. In the study of changes in L* AND a* indices, it was found that pH was the only effective variable AND with increasing pH, a significant decrease AND increase (p<0. 05) in lightness AND redness indices were observed, respectively. Based on the numerical optimization method, optimized conditions for EXTRACTION of Roman nettle SEEDs mucilage were determined in terms of pH of 4. 23, soaking time of 239. 9 min, soaking temperature of 45. 79 °, C, AND water to SEED ratio of 1: 5. Under the optimum conditions, EXTRACTION YIELD, protein content, the highest emulsion stability AND L* AND a* indices were 11. 08%, 14. 55%, 50%, 47. 59 AND 15. 05, respectively, which was in good agreement with the predicted values.